Shared aggregation | Glossary

Definition:

Shared aggregation (aggregation) is a binary association between a property and one or more composite objects which group together a set of instances. It is a “weak” form of aggregation when part instance is independent of the composite. Shared aggregation has the following characteristics:

  • it is binary association,
  • it is asymmetric – only one end of association can be an aggregation,
  • it is transitive – aggregation links should form a directed, acyclic graph, so that no composite instance could be indirect part of itself,
  • shared part could be included in several composites, and if some or all of the composites are deleted, shared part may still exist.

Further Reading:

Book: The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual by James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson and Grady Booch.

Congestion pricing | Glossary

Definition:

Congestion pricing is a dynamic pricing strategy to regulate demand by increasing prices without increasing supply. Congestion pricing is common in the transportation and shipping industries, but is also used in services and utilities in which demand varies over time, including electricity and telecommunications.

Further Reading:

Book: The Principles of Product Development Flow by Donald G. Reinertsen